End-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO₂) monitoring is an important tool for assessing respiratory and circulatory status of patients. It has become an integral component of perioperative anesthesia care in patients undergoing general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation. ETCO₂ monitoring can also benefit non-intubated patients. This review covers the basics of ETCO₂ and methods of partial pressure of ETCO₂ (PETCO₂) monitoring and focuses on the literature regarding PETCO₂ monitoring for non-intubated patients. Most studies explored the superiority of PETCO₂ monitoring in patients under sedation outside operating room, while others investigated the potential advantages of PETCO₂ monitoring in other scenarios such as post-anesthesia care unit, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and patient-controlled analgesia. As carbon dioxide detection technology and sampling circuits continue to improve, PETCO2 monitoring is expected to be used in more medical scenarios.

Assessing the severity and prognosis of patients with craniocerebral damage is a major research area in medicine since it is a prevalent clinical disease. Acute craniocerebral injury, a common traumatic condition, is often caused by traffic accidents, collisions, and falls in daily life. Secondary craniocerebral injury refers to symptoms such as brain edema and intracranial hemorrhage after acute craniocerebral injury, which will aggravate the injury. Secondary craniocerebral injury can be avoided by effective and timely treatment, and real-time detection of brain edema and intracranial hemorrhage by non-invasive medical imaging is a solution. Therefore, non-invasive medical imaging technology has recently emerged as a new area of study. A new imaging technology, namely the brain injury detection technology based on electromagnetic induction, has been discovered after years of research on non-invasive detection of brain injury. Initially, electromagnetic induction technology was widely used in metal nondestructive testing. The human body, as a conductor, also has electromagnetic induction, allowing this technology to be used on the human body. This study reviews the technologies for detecting electromagnetic induction in cases of craniocerebral damage, including induced current electrical impedance tomography, magneto-acoustic tomography, and eddy current damping sensors for detection and imaging.

Radiation therapy is a complex and high-precision technique that requires strict performance criteria for linear accelerators. One of the key factors influencing the quality of radiotherapy is the positioning accuracy of each leaf of the multileaf collimator. This mini-review discusses three commonly used dosimetry-based methods for evaluating multileaf collimator positioning accuracy: the dose film method, the Matrixx ionization chamber array method, and the electronic portal imaging device method. The review highlights the differences between these methods, showing that both the electronic portal imaging device and Matrixx methods offer higher measurement repeatabil ity compared to the dose film method. However, the electronic portal imaging device method is more complex to implement than the Matrixx method.

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of a visual double-lumen bronchial catheter in teaching lung isolation skills to anesthesia resident trainees. Methods: Between September 2023 and September 2024, 20 anesthesiology residents from Jiangsu Cancer Hospital were randomly divided into two groups: the visual double-lumen group (n=10) and the conventional double-lumen group (n=10). Randomization was achieved using a random number table. The study assessed several outcomes, including total intubation time, positioning time, one-time intubation success rate, intraoperative catheter displacement rate, surgeon satisfaction scores, and the incidence of postoperative complications (pharyngeal pain, hoarseness, and dry cough) within 24 hours. Results: The visual double-lumen group demonstrated superior results compared to the conventional double-lumen group in the following measures: total intubation time (70.2±11.8 s vs 224.9±35.6 s), positioning time (30.1±5.7s vs 176.6±26.4 s), one-time intubation success rate (85% vs 45%), intraoperative catheter displacement rate (10% vs 40%), surgeon’s intubation satisfaction score (8.10±1.07 vs 6.90±1.41), satisfaction score for pulmonary isolation (8.35±1.04 vs 6.55±1.36), and airway management satisfaction score (8.40±1.3 vs 6.70±1.34). Additionally, the incidence of postoperative pharyngeal pain (15% vs 45%), hoarseness (10% vs 40%), and dry cough (5% vs 35%) was significantly lower in the visual double-lumen group (all P<0.05). Conclusion: The visual double-lumen bronchial catheter significantly enhances the training of anesthesia residents in lung isolation by reducing intubation and positioning times, improving intubation success rate, increasing surgeon satisfaction, and reducing intubation-related complications. This method offers a more effective teaching approach compared to conventional techniques.

Candida albicans (C. albicans) is a ubiquitous commensal in the mammalian flora and the most prevalent fungal pathogen of humans. As an opportunistic fungus, C. albicans can cause mucosal and invasive infections. Invasive candidiasis infected by C. albicans is a leading cause of perioperative death in immunocompromised and immunodeficient patients. The morphological change from the yeast to the mycelium plays a key role in the pathogenesis of C. albicans. C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), including Dectin-1, Dectin-2, Dectin-3, Mincle, and dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin, are among the pattern recognition receptors expressed by innate immune cells that can recognize C. albicans. The emergence of drug-resistant C. albicans put pressure on the healthcare system, whereby CLRs have also attracted extensive attention from physicians. Thus, in this article, we discuss the interaction between CLRs and C. albicans and the treatment prospects of CLRs on anti-C. albicans.